PPU registers
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Display configuration
INIDISP - Screen display ($2100 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- F... BBBB | |||| | ++++- Screen brightness (linear steps from 0 = none to $F = full) +--------- Force blanking
BGMODE - BG mode and Character size ($2105 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- 4321 PMMM |||| |||| |||| |+++- BG mode |||| +---- Mode 1 BG3 priority (0 = normal, 1 = high) |||+------ BG1 character size (0 = 8x8, 1 = 16x16) ||+------- BG2 character size (0 = 8x8, 1 = 16x16) |+-------- BG3 character size (0 = 8x8, 1 = 16x16) +--------- BG4 character size (0 = 8x8, 1 = 16x16)
Mode| BG bit depth |Offsets | Priorities (front -> back) | Notes
|BG1 BG2 BG3 BG4|per tile| |
0 | 2 2 2 2 | No | S3 1H 2H S2 1L 2L S1 3H 4H S0 3L 4L|
1 | 4 4 2 | No | S3 1H 2H S2 1L 2L S1 3H S0 3L |BG3 priority = 0
| | |3H S3 1H 2H S2 1L 2L S1 S0 3L |BG3 priority = 1
2 | 4 4 | Yes | S3 1H S2 2H S1 1L S0 2L |
3 | 8 4 | No | S3 1H S2 2H S1 1L S0 2L |
4 | 8 2 | Yes | S3 1H S2 2H S1 1L S0 2L |
5 | 4 2 | No | S3 1H S2 2H S1 1L S0 2L |Fixed 16 pixel char width. Forced high-res mode.
6 | 4 | Yes | S3 1H S2 S1 1L S0 |Fixed 16 pixel char width. Forced high-res mode.
7 | 8 | No | S3 S2 S1 1L S0 |Fixed 8x8 char size.
7EXT| 8 7 | No | S3 S2 2H S1 1L S0 2L |Fixed 8x8 char size. BG2 bit 7 acts as priority.
MOSAIC - Screen pixelation ($2106 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- SSSS 4321 |||| |||| |||| |||+- Enable BG1 mosaic |||| ||+-- Enable BG2 mosaic |||| |+--- Enable BG3 mosaic |||| +---- Enable BG4 mosaic ++++------ Mosaic size in pixels (0 = 1x1, ..., 15 = 16x16)
BGnSC - BG1-4 tilemap address and size ($2107-$210A write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- AAAA AAYX |||| |||| |||| |||+- Horizontal tilemap count (0 = 1 tilemap, 1 = 2 tilemaps) |||| ||+-- Vertical tilemap count (0 = 1 tilemap, 1 = 2 tilemaps) ++++-++--- Tilemap VRAM address (address = AAAAAA << 10)
Tilemaps may be placed at any 2 KiB page.
CHR word base address
The tile base address for background CHR can start at any 4 KiB page.
Tilemap offsets that go past the end of VRAM are allowed to wrap around to the beginning.
BG12NBA - BG1 and BG2 CHR word base address ($210B write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- BBBB AAAA |||| |||| |||| ++++- BG1 CHR word base address (address = AAAA << 12) ++++------ BG2 CHR word base address (address = BBBB << 12)
BG34NBA - BG3 and BG4 CHR word base address ($210C write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- DDDD CCCC |||| |||| |||| ++++- BG3 CHR word base address (address = CCCC << 12) ++++------ BG4 CHR word base address (address = DDDD << 12)
Scroll
Each of these scroll registers is normally updated by two single-byte writes to the same address. After two consecutive writes the scroll value is fully updated.
The two-write mechanism internally keeps shared latch values, so these registers should not normally be written in mixed order. Complete both writes to one register before moving on to the next.
The scroll offset is always relative to the top-left of the screen, even when updating mid-frame with HDMA.
BGnHOFS - BG1-4 horizontal scroll offset ($210D/$210F/$2111/$2113 write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
.... ..XX XXXX XXXX
|| |||| ||||
++--++++-++++- BGn horizontal scroll
On write: BGnHOFS = (value << 8) | (bgofs_latch & ~7) | (bghofs_latch & 7)
bgofs_latch = value
bghofs_latch = value
Note: BG1HOFS uses the same address as M7HOFS
BGnVOFS - BG1-4 vertical scroll offset ($210E/$2110/$2112/$2114 write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
.... ..YY YYYY YYYY
|| |||| ||||
++--++++-++++- BGn vertical scroll
On write: BGnVOFS = (value << 8) | bgofs_latch
bgofs_latch = value
Note: BG1VOFS uses the same address as M7VOFS
Layer enable
TM - Main screen layer enable ($212C write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- ...O 4321 | |||| | |||+- Enable BG1 on main screen | ||+-- Enable BG2 on main screen | |+--- Enable BG3 on main screen | +---- Enable BG4 on main screen +------ Enable OBJ on main screen
TS - Subscreen layer enable ($212D write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- ...O 4321 | |||| | |||+- Enable BG1 on subscreen | ||+-- Enable BG2 on subscreen | |+--- Enable BG3 on subscreen | +---- Enable BG4 on subscreen +------ Enable OBJ on subscreen
SETINI - Screen Mode/Video Select ($2133 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- EX.. HOiI || |||| || |||+- Screen interlacing || ||+-- OBJ interlacing || |+--- Overscan mode || +---- High-res mode |+-------- EXTBG mode +--------- External sync
- Screen interlacing causes every odd frame to lower its picture scanlines half a line between the even frames. When enabled, this produces a 480i picture composed of 2 frames (fields), instead of the default 240p progressive picture where each frame appears at the same vertical level.
- STAT78 ($213F) can be used to check whether the current frame is an even or odd field.
- When interlacing is enabled for BG mode 5 or 6, the BG layers are automatically interlaced to give a view of the background that has double the vertical resolution in 480i, effectively making every BG pixel half as tall.
- OBJ interlacing interlaces the sprites to double their vertical resolution in 480i. Sprite pixels will appear half as tall.
- High-res mode doubles the horizontal output resolution from 256 to 512 pixels.
- In most BG modes this causes the main screen to render pixels on even columns, and the sub screen to render on odd columns. This is sometimes called "pseudo-hires". Some games use this for a transparency effect (Kirby's Dreamland 3, Jurassic Park), relying on blurring from the composite video signal to blend the columns.
- In BG modes 5 and 6, this high-res is forced, but the BG layers are automatically interleaved to double their horizontal resolution, making every BG pixel half as wide.
- EXTBG controls a second-layer effect in BG mode 7 only.
- External sync is used for super-imposing images from an external device. Normally 0.
VRAM
VMAIN - Video Port Control ($2115 write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
M... RRII
| ||||
| ||++- Address increment amount:
| || 0: Increment by 1
| || 1: Increment by 32
| || 2: Increment by 128
| || 3: Increment by 128
| ++--- Address remapping:
| 0: None
| 1: Remap aaaaaaaa BBBccccc to aaaaaaaa cccccBBB
| 2: Remap aaaaaaaB BBcccccc to aaaaaaac cccccBBB
| 3: Remap aaaaaaBB Bccccccc to aaaaaacc cccccBBB
+--------- Address increment mode:
0: Increment after writing $2118 or reading $2139
1: Increment after writing $2119 or reading $213A
VRAM address
VMADDL - VRAM word address low ($2116 write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
LLLL LLLL
|||| ||||
++++-++++- VRAM word address low byte
On write: VMADD.low = value
vram_latch = [VMADD]
VMADDH - VRAM word address high ($2117 write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
HHHH HHHH
|||| ||||
++++-++++- VRAM word address high byte
On write: VMADD.high = value
vram_latch = [VMADD]
Because the SNES only has 64 KiB of VRAM, VRAM address bit 15 has no effect.
VRAM data
VMDATAL - VRAM data write low ($2118 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- LLLL LLLL |||| |||| ++++-++++- VRAM data low byte On write: If address increment mode == 0, increments VMADD
VMDATAH - VRAM data write high ($2119 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- HHHH HHHH |||| |||| ++++-++++- VRAM data high byte On write: If address increment mode == 1, increments VMADD
VMDATALREAD - VRAM data read low ($2139 read)
7 bit 0
---- ----
LLLL LLLL
|||| ||||
++++-++++- VRAM data low byte
On read: value = vram_latch.low
vram_latch = [VMADD]
If address increment mode == 0, increments VMADD
VMDATAHREAD - VRAM data read high ($213A read)
7 bit 0
---- ----
LLLL LLLL
|||| ||||
++++-++++- VRAM data high byte
On read: value = vram_latch.high
vram_latch = [VMADD]
If address increment mode == 1, increments VMADD
CGRAM
CGADD - CGRAM word address ($2121 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- AAAA AAAA |||| |||| ++++-++++- CGRAM word address On write: cgram_byte = 0
CGRAM data
CGDATA - CGRAM data write ($2122 write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
.BBB BBGG GGGR RRRR
||| |||| |||| ||||
||| |||| |||+-++++- Red component
||| ||++--+++------- Green component
+++-++-------------- Blue component
On write: If cgram_byte == 0, cgram_latch = value
If cgram_byte == 1, CGDATA = (value << 8) | cgram_latch
cgram_byte = ~cgram_byte
Two single-byte writes to this register will update a single CGRAM word. The effect is applied only once the second byte is written.
Each write will increment the internal byte address. After two writes it will automatically have incremented to the next word.
CGDATA - CGRAM data read ($213B read)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
xBBB BBGG GGGR RRRR
|||| |||| |||| ||||
|||| |||| |||+-++++- Red component
|||| ||++--+++------- Green component
|+++-++-------------- Blue component
+-------------------- PPU2 open bus
On read: If cgram_byte == 0, value = CGDATA.low
If cgram_byte == 1, value = CGDATA.high
cgram_byte = ~cgram_byte
OAM
OBSEL - Object size and Character address ($2101 write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
SSSN NbBB
|||| ||||
|||| |+++- Name base address (word address = bBB << 13)
|||+-+---- Name select (word offset = (NN+1) << 12)
+++------- Object size:
0: 8x8 and 16x16
1: 8x8 and 32x32
2: 8x8 and 64x64
3: 16x16 and 32x32
4: 16x16 and 64x64
5: 32x32 and 64x64
6: 16x32 and 32x64
7: 16x32 and 32x32
- Name base address selects a 16 KiB-aligned quarter of VRAM for the first 8 KiB of available sprite tiles. Bit 2 was reserved for a planned but never implemented expansion to 128 KiB VRAM, so is normally 0.
- Name select controls a relative offset from the name base address in NN+1 8 KiB increments, selecting a second 8 KiB of available sprite tiles. With name select of 0, the second half follows the base 8 KiB contiguously.
- Object size controls the sizes available for sprites. The two modes featuring rectangular sizes (6, 7) were not documented by the SNES development manual.
OAM address
OAMADDL - OAM word address low ($2102 write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
AAAA AAAA
|||| ||||
++++-++++- OAM word address
On write: OAMADD.low = value
internal_oamadd = (OAMADD & $1FF) << 1
OAMADDH - OAM word address high and priority ($2103 write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
P... ...B
| |
| +- OAM table select (0 = 256 word table, 1 = 16 word table)
+--------- OAM priority rotation (1 = enable)
On write: OAMADD.high = value
internal_oamadd = (OAMADD & $1FF) << 1
OAM data
OAMDATA - OAM data write ($2104 write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
DDDD DDDD
|||| ||||
++++-++++- OAM data
On write: If (internal_oamadd & 1) == 0, oam_latch = value
If internal_oamadd < $200 and (internal_oamadd & 1) == 1:
[internal_oamadd-1] = oam_latch
[internal_oamadd] = value
If internal_oamadd >= $200, [internal_oamadd] = value
internal_oamadd = internal_oamadd + 1
OAMDATAREAD - OAM data read ($2138 read)
7 bit 0
---- ----
DDDD DDDD
|||| ||||
++++-++++- OAM data
On read: value = [internal_oamadd]
internal_oamadd = internal_oamadd + 1
Mode 7
M7SEL - Mode 7 settings ($211A write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- RF.. ..YX || || || |+- Flip screen horizontally (backgrounds only) || +-- Flip screen vertically (backgrounds only) |+-------- Non-tilemap fill (0 = transparent, 1 = character 0) +--------- Tilemap repeat (0 = tilemap repeats, 1 = Non-tilemap fill beyond tilemap boundaries)
Scroll
M7HOFS - Mode 7 horizontal scroll offset ($210D write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
...X XXXX XXXX XXXX
| |||| |||| ||||
+-++++--++++-++++- Mode 7 horizontal scroll (signed)
On write: M7HOFS = (value << 8) | mode7_latch
mode7_latch = value
Note: This register uses the same address as BG1HOFS
M7VOFS - Mode 7 vertical scroll offset ($210E write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
...Y YYYY YYYY YYYY
| |||| |||| ||||
+-++++--++++-++++- Mode 7 vertical scroll (signed)
On write: M7VOFS = (value << 8) | mode7_latch
mode7_latch = value
Note: This register uses the same address as BG1VOFS
Matrices
M7A - Mode 7 matrix A and Multiplication factor 1 ($211B write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
DDDD DDDD dddd dddd
|||| |||| |||| ||||
++++-++++--++++-++++- Mode 7 matrix A (8.8 fixed point)
++++-++++--++++-++++- 16-bit multiplication factor
On write: M7A = (value << 8) | mode7_latch
mode7_latch = value
M7B - Mode 7 matrix B and Multiplication factor 2 ($211C write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
DDDD DDDD dddd dddd
|||| |||| |||| ||||
++++-++++--++++-++++- Mode 7 matrix B (8.8 fixed point)
++++-++++- 8-bit multiplication factor
On write: M7B = (value << 8) | mode7_latch
mode7_latch = value
M7n - Mode 7 matrix C-D ($211D-211E write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
DDDD DDDD dddd dddd
|||| |||| |||| ||||
++++-++++--++++-++++- Mode 7 matrix n (8.8 fixed point)
On write: M7n = (value << 8) | mode7_latch
mode7_latch = value
Center
M7X - Mode 7 center X ($211F write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
...X XXXX XXXX XXXX
| |||| |||| ||||
+-++++--++++-++++- Mode 7 center X (signed)
On write: M7X = (value << 8) | mode7_latch
mode7_latch = value
M7Y - Mode 7 center Y ($2120 write)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
...Y YYYY YYYY YYYY
| |||| |||| ||||
+-++++--++++-++++- Mode 7 center Y (signed)
On write: M7Y = (value << 8) | mode7_latch
mode7_latch = value
Windows
Window mask settings
W12SEL - Window Mask Settings for BG1 and BG2 ($2123 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- DdCc BbAa |||| |||| |||| |||+- Invert window 1 for BG1 |||| ||+-- Enable window 1 for BG1 |||| |+--- Invert window 2 for BG1 |||| +---- Enable window 2 for BG1 |||+------ Invert window 1 for BG2 ||+------- Enable window 1 for BG2 |+-------- Invert window 2 for BG2 +--------- Enable window 2 for BG2
W34SEL - Window Mask Settings for BG3 and BG4 ($2124 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- HhGg FfEe |||| |||| |||| |||+- Invert window 1 for BG3 |||| ||+-- Enable window 1 for BG3 |||| |+--- Invert window 2 for BG3 |||| +---- Enable window 2 for BG3 |||+------ Invert window 1 for BG4 ||+------- Enable window 1 for BG4 |+-------- Invert window 2 for BG4 +--------- Enable window 2 for BG4
WOBJSEL - Window Mask Settings for OBJ and Color Window ($2125 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- LlKk JjIi |||| |||| |||| |||+- Invert window 1 for OBJ |||| ||+-- Enable window 1 for OBJ |||| |+--- Invert window 2 for OBJ |||| +---- Enable window 2 for OBJ |||+------ Invert window 1 for color math ||+------- Enable window 1 for color math |+-------- Invert window 2 for color math +--------- Enable window 2 for color math
Window positions
WH0 - Window 1 left position ($2126 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- LLLL LLLL |||| |||| ++++-++++- Window 1 left edge position
WH1 - Window 1 right position ($2127 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- RRRR RRRR |||| |||| ++++-++++- Window 1 right edge position
WH2 - Window 2 left position ($2128 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- LLLL LLLL |||| |||| ++++-++++- Window 2 left edge position
WH3 - Window 2 right position ($2129 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- RRRR RRRR |||| |||| ++++-++++- Window 2 left edge position
Window mask logic
WBGLOG - Window BG mask logic ($212A write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- 4433 2211 |||| |||| |||| ||++- BG1 window mask logic |||| ++--- BG2 window mask logic ||++------ BG3 window mask logic ++-------- BG4 window mask logic
WOBJLOG - Window OBJ and color math mask logic ($212B write)
7 bit 0
---- ----
.... CCOO
||||
||++- OBJ window mask logic
++--- Color window mask logic
Mask logic types Value|Logic 0 | OR 1 | AND 2 | XOR 3 | XNOR
Window enable
TMW - Main screen layer window enable ($212E write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- ...O 4321 | |||| | |||+- Apply enabled windows to main screen BG1 | ||+-- Apply enabled windows to main screen BG2 | |+--- Apply enabled windows to main screen BG3 | +---- Apply enabled windows to main screen BG4 +------ Apply enabled windows to main screen OBJ
TSW - Subscreen layer window enable ($212F write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- ...O 4321 | |||| | |||+- Apply enabled windows to subscreen BG1 | ||+-- Apply enabled windows to subscreen BG2 | |+--- Apply enabled windows to subscreen BG3 | +---- Apply enabled windows to subscreen BG4 +------ Apply enabled windows to subscreen OBJ
Color math
CGWSEL - Color addition select ($2130 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- BBMM ..AD |||| || |||| |+- Direct color mode |||| +-- Addend (0 = fixed color, 1 = subscreen) ||++------ Color math disable region ++-------- Clip colors to black before math region
Region types Value|Region 0 |Nowhere 1 |Outside color window 2 |Inside color window 3 |Everywhere
CGADSUB - Color math designation ($2131 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- MHBO 4321 |||| |||| |||| |||+- BG1 color math enable |||| ||+-- BG2 color math enable |||| |+--- BG3 color math enable |||| +---- BG4 color math enable |||+------ OBJ color math enable ||+------- Backdrop color math enable |+-------- Half color math +--------- Operator type (0 = add, 1 = subtract)
COLDATA - Fixed color data ($2132 write)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- BGRC CCCC |||| |||| |||+-++++- Color value ||+------- Write color value to blue channel |+-------- Write color value to green channel +--------- Write color value to red channel
Multiplication result
MPYL - Multiplication result low byte ($2134 read)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- LLLL LLLL |||| |||| ++++-++++- Multiplication result low byte
MPYM - Multiplication result middle byte ($2135 read)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- MMMM MMMM |||| |||| ++++-++++- Multiplication result middle byte
MPYH - Multiplication result high byte ($2136 read)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- HHHH HHHH |||| |||| ++++-++++- Multiplication result high byte
H/V counters
SLHV - Software latch for H/V counters ($2137 read)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- xxxx xxxx |||| |||| ++++-++++- Open bus On read: counter_latch = 1
Counters
OPHCT - Output horizontal counter ($213C read)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
xxxx xxxX XXXX XXXX
|||| |||| |||| ||||
|||| |||+--++++-++++- Horizontal counter value
++++-+++------------- PPU2 open bus
On read: If ophct_byte == 0, value = OPHCT.low
If ophct_byte == 1, value = OPHCT.high
ophct_byte = ~ophct_byte
OPVCT - Output vertical counter ($213D read)
15 bit 8 7 bit 0
---- ---- ---- ----
xxxx xxxY YYYY YYYY
|||| |||| |||| ||||
|||| |||+--++++-++++- Vertical counter value
++++-+++------------- PPU2 open bus
On read: If opvct_byte == 0, value = OPVCT.low
If opvct_byte == 1, value = OPVCT.high
opvct_byte = ~opvct_byte
When counter_latch transitions from 0 to 1, these registers are latched with the current counter values. counter_latch is set when SLHV is read or /EXTLATCH (PPU2 pin 29) is asserted, and is cleared when STAT78 is read. /EXTLATCH is connected to joypad IO D7 and can be controlled by the CPU via WRIO or by a joypad.
counter_latch behavior has not been fully confirmed.
Status
STAT77 - PPU1 status flags and version ($213E read)
7 bit 0 ---- ---- TRMx VVVV |||| |||| |||| ++++- PPU1 version |||+------ PPU1 open bus ||+------- Master/slave mode (PPU1 pin 25) |+-------- Range over flag (sprite tile overflow) +--------- Time over flag (sprite overflow)
STAT78 - PPU2 status flags and version ($213F read)
7 bit 0
---- ----
FLxM VVVV
|||| ||||
|||| ++++- PPU2 version
|||+------ NTSC/PAL mode (0 = NTSC, 1 = PAL) (PPU2 pin 30)
||+------- PPU2 open bus
|+-------- Counter latch value
+--------- Interlace field
On read: counter_latch = 0
ophct_byte = 0
opvct_byte = 0
If a condition that sets counter_latch is active when STAT78 is read, it is not known if counter_latch is cleared. Existing documentation suggests it is not cleared and the counters are not relatched.
